-
Complexation of Disperse Dyes Derived from Thiophene with Cu, Co, Zn Metal and Their Application Properties on Polyester and Nylon 6.6 Fabrics
Isaac Oluwatobi Abolude,
Kasali Ademola Bello,
Peter Obinna Nkeonye,
Abdulraheem Giwa
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
45-58
Received:
29 June 2021
Accepted:
22 July 2021
Published:
2 August 2021
Abstract: Ethyl-4-((4-chlorophenyl)carbamoyl)-2-((5-cyano-2-hydroxy-1,4-dimethyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl) diazenyl)-5-methylthiophene-3-carboxylate and ethyl-4-((4-chlorophenyl) carbamoyl)-2-((5-cyano-1-ethyl-2-hydroxy-4-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)diazenyl)-5-methylthiophene-3-carboxylate disperse dyes were synthesised in this study by the coupling reaction of synthesised ethyl 2-amino-4-((4-chlorophenyl)carbamoyl)-5-methylthiophene-3-carboxylate with 6-hydroxy-1,4-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile and 1-ethyl-6-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile. Metal complexation of the synthesised disperse dyes with copper, cobalt and zinc metals were carried out. The structure of the synthesised intermediate, coupling components, dyes and their complexes were elucidated by analytical techniques such as proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), mass spectrometry (MS), fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy as well as the determination of their melting points. The molar extinction coefficient of the dyes and their complexes ranges from 24,800 – 83,200 Lmol-1cm-1. The FTIR spectra of the synthesised dyes and their complexes showed the presence of cyano group in the range 2225 – 2229 cm-1, carbonyl group in the range 1640 – 1692 cm-1, hydroxyl group in the range 3310 – 3340 cm-1, azo group in the range 1398 – 1491 cm-1, stretching vibration of (N-H) in the range 3474 – 3478 cm-1 and stretching vibration of aromatic (C-H) in the range 2882 – 2989 cm-1. The dyeing performance of the dyes and their metal complex analogous were assessed on polyester and nylon 6.6 fabrics. The dyes and their complexes were found have good levelness, excellent fastness to perspiration and sublimation, good to excellent wash fastness and light fastness on both polyester and nylon 6.6 fabrics with different shades of violet and brown.
Abstract: Ethyl-4-((4-chlorophenyl)carbamoyl)-2-((5-cyano-2-hydroxy-1,4-dimethyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridin-3-yl) diazenyl)-5-methylthiophene-3-carboxylate and ethyl-4-((4-chlorophenyl) carbamoyl)-2-((5-cyano-1-ethyl-2-hydroxy-4-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-yl)diazenyl)-5-methylthiophene-3-carboxylate disperse dyes were synthesised in this study by the c...
Show More
-
On-farm Demonstration of Homegarden Agroforestry Design and Its Role in Improving Livelihood of Small Holder Farmers at West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
Bonsa Fentale Jilo,
Zeleke Asaye Tiruneh,
Gemeda Terfassa Fida
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
59-63
Received:
2 June 2021
Accepted:
16 August 2021
Published:
31 August 2021
Abstract: Food shortage and security are the major livelihood challenges that have been facing developing countries. Homegarden agroforestry is one of the agroforestry options to overcome these challenges. The research was designed to evaluate the design role in improving the livelihood of smallholders, to see the farmers’ perception of the design irrespective of their existing practice (Enset Monoculture), and to set a baseline for the improvement of the practice design for future at the area. Enset and coffee are major perennial crops in the experiment. Both crops lack appropriate management i.e. especially space and its monoculture system which lacks a mixture of annual and perennial crops gaining a high economic return. The experiment focused on spacing that can give the chance of integrating different crops within different arrangement regimes and behaving different layers of strata. The design was given the trial farmers the opportunity of growing a mixture of different annual and perennial crops under the arrangement. 2m spacing b/n coffee, 1m spacing b/n coffee and Enset as well as 2m distance between Enset were used in the arrangement. The result showed that the average maturity of Enset in the arrangement is 4 years while that of monoculture is 6 years. The productivity of the design was high as compared to the monoculture one that also got high acceptance among farmers. The growth pattern of perennial crop/ tree in the arrangement is increasing which can formulate different strata in the future as it is known in the complex homegarden agroforestry system (HAFs). Overall it has a greater advantage for ameliorating the microclimate of the area and also has greater value in conserving the biodiversity of the area.
Abstract: Food shortage and security are the major livelihood challenges that have been facing developing countries. Homegarden agroforestry is one of the agroforestry options to overcome these challenges. The research was designed to evaluate the design role in improving the livelihood of smallholders, to see the farmers’ perception of the design irrespecti...
Show More
-
Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors Among Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertensive Patient at Debre Berhan Referral Hospital, Ethiopia
Esubalew Tesfahun,
Samual Abebe
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
64-67
Received:
11 August 2021
Accepted:
23 August 2021
Published:
31 August 2021
Abstract: Background: The research finding confirmed that chronic illnesses are the major factors that exposed people to depression which is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel the way you think and how you act.. Currently the incidence of depression increase among people affected with chronic illness. Despite this, however, there is scarcity of evidence on risk factors in the current research setting. Therefore, the aim of this research to quantify the prevalence and factors affecting the depression among diabetes mellitus and hypertensive client follow up in Debre Berhan Referral Hospital (DBRH), Ethiopia. Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study design using both quantitative and qualitative data were done among patient attending outpatient and inpatient department of DBRH. Pretested standardized semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from randomly selected respondents. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess depression. To investigate factors associated with the magnitude of depression binary logistic regression analysis was done. Finally, variables with a P-value less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant from the multivariate logistic regression. Result: A total of 236 respondents were interviewed with98.7% response rate. The prevalence of depression among Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and hypertensive were 19.49%, 19 (8.5%) of DM patients, 7 (2.97%) of hypertension patients and 20 (8.47%) of both DM and Hypertension patients were depressed. Conclusion: The result of this study confirmed that high prevalence of depression among diabetes mellitus and hypertensive clients. The type chronic illness, control the illness, history of mental illness, sleep disorder and substance use the past three months were significantly associated. Attention should be given in evaluating the patients for depression.
Abstract: Background: The research finding confirmed that chronic illnesses are the major factors that exposed people to depression which is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel the way you think and how you act.. Currently the incidence of depression increase among people affected with chronic illness. Despite this, howe...
Show More
-
Evaluation of Deficit Irrigation Effect on Water Use Efficiency and Yield Response for Onion and Potato at Ketar Scheme
Bayan Ahmed,
Dinka Fufa,
Asnake Tilaye
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
68-76
Received:
4 August 2021
Accepted:
24 August 2021
Published:
4 September 2021
Abstract: In the situation of improving water productivity, there is increasing interest in deficit irrigation practice whereby water supply is reduced below maximum levels and mild stress is allowed with minimal effects on yield. For this authorize, the study was conducted during the dry season for three years from December 2017 to May 2019 to study the effect of deficit on application efficacy, storage efficiency, distribution uniformity and irrigation water use efficiency of potato and onion. The deficit water level used were 75 and 50% CWR lined with full irrigation 100%. From the result, average of application efficiency (Ea), storage efficiency (Es) and distribution uniformity (DU) of the three water levels (100%, 75% and 50%) were 60.97%, 70.27%, 75.4%, 55.45%, 62.84%, 88.68%, 88.24%, 87.61% and 89.89% for potato and 60.06%, 70.81%, 85.64%, 65.03%, 60.24%, 66.02%, 88.49%, 87.89% and 86.24% for onion respectively. The highest Ky of 0.98 and 0.85 was attained at 50% CWR for potato and onion respectively and the lowest was 100% CWR for both crops. This show the highest yield reduction was registered under 50% CWR. The application efficiency, storage efficiency, distribution uniformity and yield response of 75% CWR is slightly low from full irrigation water level. So it is recommended to use 75% CWR for both crops in saving water as it has low yield reduction. Therefore, to implement deficit irrigation on farm participatory training should be given for application of right amount of water.
Abstract: In the situation of improving water productivity, there is increasing interest in deficit irrigation practice whereby water supply is reduced below maximum levels and mild stress is allowed with minimal effects on yield. For this authorize, the study was conducted during the dry season for three years from December 2017 to May 2019 to study the eff...
Show More
-
Management of Modern Technologies for Quality Educational Delivery in Public Universities in Rivers State, Nigeria
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
77-83
Received:
19 May 2021
Accepted:
8 June 2021
Published:
6 September 2021
Abstract: The study was spurred by poor maintenance and inadequate provision of modern technologies in universities in Rivers State, hence the need to manage the few modern ones available for quality educational delivery in public universities in Rivers State, Nigeria. The study was guided by three research questions and three hypotheses. Adopting an analytic descriptive design, the population consisted of all the 2,330Senior Lecturers in the three Universities in Rivers State, out of which a sample size of 349 was drawn, using stratified random sampling technique representing 15% of the population. A researcher-made instrument, titled Management of Modern Technologies for Quality Educational Delivery Scale (MMTQEDS) with 34 items was used. Face validity was ensured by experts in the relevant areas. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of 0.89 for MMTQEDS was computed, using Cronbach Alpha statistical method. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions, while One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level of significance. It was found, among others, that e-library, computer-based instruction, interactive white board and network provision do not receive preventive and routine maintenance as a management measure, in order to keep them in their best performance status for quality service delivery. Based on the findings, it was recommended, among others, that all the academic staff, non-academic staff and students should be made to undergo computer training, in order to be internet and technology compliant.
Abstract: The study was spurred by poor maintenance and inadequate provision of modern technologies in universities in Rivers State, hence the need to manage the few modern ones available for quality educational delivery in public universities in Rivers State, Nigeria. The study was guided by three research questions and three hypotheses. Adopting an analyti...
Show More
-
Identification of Critical Success Factors for Minimization of Cost of Poor Quality from the Construction Projects
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
84-88
Received:
23 April 2021
Accepted:
10 June 2021
Published:
10 September 2021
Abstract: Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ) or cost of failure gets inducted in construction projects during work execution due to failure in preventing defects, reworks and wastage of resources. Poorly defined project objectives, inadequate feasibility studies coupled with poor project planning and designing lead to revision of designs and reworks at later stage during project execution, causing cost and time overrun. Losses of construction companies on this account can go up to 40% of revenues. Since these losses (reworks and wastage of resources etc.) are normally not measured and recorded in the accounting system, therefore, they mostly remain hidden and the management does not know its gravity. Therefore, there is a need for reconnaissance and finding solution to minimize the losses of construction industry. Construction industry has a significant share in the socio-economic development of any country and provides employment to skilled/unskilled labor/poor masses and helps to alleviate poverty. Success of construction industry is dependent on performance of construction companies. The performance of construction companies can be improved by minimizing the COPQ. Completely eliminating COPQ might not be possible being uneconomical, however, it can be minimized with a proactive approach and effective management of Critical Success Factors (CSF), which were yet unknown. This study was therefore taken up to identify the CSF that can help the project management to reduce or minimize COPQ. This research study was successful in exploring and identifying forty (40) CSF falling in five areas of project management (Planning, Organizing, Executing, Monitoring and Controlling) that have the potential to decrease the losses on account COPQ from construction projects. Since it would not be possible for the project management to address and tackle all the forty CSF at the projects therefore, ranking in terms of criticality has been carried out for all the identified CSF. The analysis have revealed that 17 CSF fall in the list of top ten (some CSF have equal scores). It has also be identified that Planning is the most critical stage of any project because six of the top ten CSF pertain to Planning stage. According to ranking of top ten CSF, project Planning is at the top followed by Organizing, Controlling, Monitoring and Executing. It highlights the importance of Planning in any project; therefore, project planning may be completed very carefully so that no revision is needed during the project execution stage and COPQ remains at the lowest possible level.
Abstract: Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ) or cost of failure gets inducted in construction projects during work execution due to failure in preventing defects, reworks and wastage of resources. Poorly defined project objectives, inadequate feasibility studies coupled with poor project planning and designing lead to revision of designs and reworks at later stage ...
Show More
